ExploringThe Bhagavad Gita :: research papers, literary analysis

The Bhagavad-Gita begins with the preparation of battle between the two opposing sides on the go away stands the collected armies of the one hundred sons of Dhritarashtra and on the right lies the soldiers of the Pandava brothers. Warring relatives feuding over the right to govern the land of Kurukshetra, both forces stand poised and ready to flagellation one another. The warrior Arjuna, leader of the Pandava armies, readies himself as his charioteer, the god Krishna, steers toward the opposition when the armies are ready to attack. Arjuna stops Krishna short before the two sides clash together. Hesitation and pity travel into Arjunas heart as he surveys his family and relatives on the other side he loses his will to win at the cost of the lives he still loves. As Arjuna sets down his bow and prepares for his own death, the god Krishna begins his council with Arjuna, where Krishna uses various ideas on action, self-knowledge, and discipline to reveal to Arjuna the freedom to be at tained from the suffering of man once Arjuna finds his subjection to Krishna.Before Krishna begins his teachings, Arjuna analyzes his emotions and describes to Krishna the way his heart feels. Krishna, I seek no victory, or kingship or pleasures (The Bhagavad-Gita, p. 25). Arjuna admits that he stands to gain nothing of real worth from the war. He knows he cannot consciously triumph over family for his own wealth and glory. We Pandava brothers sought kingships, delights, and pleasures for the sake of those assembled to abandon their lives and fortunes in battle (The Bhagavad-Gita, p. 25). Arjuna continues on to state that once the family is destroyed and family province is lost, only chaos is left to overcome what remains.He goes so far as to describe how chaos swells to corrupt even the women in the families, creating disorder in society. Arjuna tells Krishna that the punishment for men who undermine the duties of the family are destined for a place in hell. Finally, Arjuna asks Krishna which is right the tie to sacred duty or reason? Krishna begins his translation by stating that all invigoration on earth is indestructible. Never have I not existed, nor you, nor these kings and never in the future shall we cease to exist (The Bhagavad-Gita, p. 31). Because life has always been, reasons Krishna, then how can man kill or be killed when there is no end to the self?

Crime And Punishment: Is There Or Is There Not Such A Thing As Crime? :: essays research papers

Crime and Punishment Is There or is There Not Such a Thing as Crime?For this question, I have chosen to discuss the following three works ofliterature Crime and Punishment, by Feodor Dostoevsky, Beloved, by ToniMorrison, and Utopia, by Sir Thomas More.To cast down with an omniscient and philosophical frame of reference, nuisanceis only defined as crime by the society defining it. When a mass of humanbeings grumous to gether and form a civilized society, they are bound to droprules and constabularys to follow and bide by for laws are one of the cornerstones of acivilized society. If there were no laws, society would be uncivilized and in achaotic state of anarchy. These laws are decided and administered usually byelected officials who act as leaders in the society. From the input of thecitizens, they make laws to run the society by. And when a person breaks thelaw, that is defined as a crime. For example, purposeful and allegedmanslaughter is a crime, because it is a law to not kill others people are notallowed to go cavorting around killing whomever they please, if they did,civilization would fall. Laws and rules hold us to civilization.Another way to define crime is through ethics and morals. Each personon this Earth possesses a conscience when we do something wrong, our consciencemakes us olfactory sensation immoralityy, although some people feel less or more guilt than othersabout certain acts it varies individually. Based on this, one can define acrime as the things that make us feel guilty, although some crimes do not makeus feel guilty. Some people do not feel any guilt when committing immoral actsthese people are deemed psychopaths or sociopaths by society. For example, mostpeople do not feel guilty when they break the law by speeding, its exclusively a way oflife these days, but with complex ideologies (stealing, killing), we feel guiltif they are committed. Our consciences also hold us to civilization.In Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment, the l aws are already defined inEarly Nineteenth century St. Petersburg, Russia. Henceforth, when one breaks alaw they have committed a crime and are eligible for end and punishment bythe upholders of law in society, the police. A particular act that is definedas criminal is that of murder. Raskolnikov knows of this very well, for he hascommitted two murders, both of them ille gal and in cold blood. Obviously,this act is defined as criminal because of the moral and legal implications one

random liability law Essay -- essays research papers

WHEN IS A PLAINTIFF ENTITLED TO RECOVER? A. A plaintiff who was injure as as result of some negligent comport on the disjoint of a defendant is entitled to recover compensation for such injury from that defendant.A plaintiff is entitled to a verdict if jury finds1. That a defendant was negligent, and2. That such inadvertence was a cause of injury to the plaintiff. Q. WHAT IS NEGLIGENCE? Negligence is the doing of something which a middling prudent soulfulness would non do, or the affliction to do something which a reasonably prudent somebody would do, under(a) circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence.It is the failure to use public or healthy forethought.Ordinary or reasonable care is that care which someones of ordinary prudence would use in order to avoid injury to themselves or others under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence. The person whose conduct we rotary up as a standard is not the extraordinarily cautious individual, nor the excep tionally skillful one, but a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.One analyze that is helpful in determining whether or not a person was negligent is to ask and answer the question whether or not, if a person of ordinary prudence had been in the same situation and possessed of the same knowledge, he or she would grant foreseen or anticipated that soulfulness might have been injure by or as a result of his or her action or inaction. If the answer to that question is "yes", and if the action or inaction reasonably could have been avoided, then not to avoid it would be failure. Q. HOW CAUTIOUS MUST SOMEONE BE? A. The amount of caution required of a person in the shape of ordinary care depends upon the conditions that are apparent or that should be apparent to a reasonably prudent person under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence. Q. CAN I ASSUME OTHER PEOPLE WILL BE CAREFUL AND FOLLOW THE LAW? A. Every person who, himself, is exercising ordinary care, has a mightily to assume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law, and in the absence of reasonable cause for thinking otherwise, it is not neglect for such a person to fail to anticipate an accident which can occur unaccompanied as a result of a infringement of law or duty by another person. Q. WHAT ROLE DOES A LOCAL CUSTOM PLAY IN determine IF SOMEONE IS CAREFUL? A. inference as to whether or not a person con... ...Strict Liability Strict liability is different from a negligence theory in that the injured plaintiff need not show knowledge or fault on the manufacturers part. The plaintiff must show solely that the intersection point was sold or distributed by a defendant, and that the product was unreasonably dangerous at the time it left the defendants hands in order to take the stand liability on the part of such defendant. The behavior or knowledge (or lack of knowledge) of a products liability defendant regarding the dangerous nature of a product is not an issue for term under a strict liability theory. Strict liability concerns only the condition of the product itself. In contrast, a negligence theory concerns not only the product, but also the manufacturers knowledge and conduct. "Strict liability", however, does not mean "absolute liability". Simply because a person is injured, he or she cannot invoke strict liability and automatically recover. Instead, the injured consumer in asserting strict liability, still must prove his or her right to compensation by screening that the unreasonable dangerous condition of the product was what actually caused the injuries sustained. random liability law Essay -- essays research papers WHEN IS A PLAINTIFF ENTITLED TO RECOVER? A. A plaintiff who was injured as as result of some negligent conduct on the part of a defendant is entitled to recover compensation for such injury from that defendant.A plaintiff is entitled to a verdict if jury finds1. That a defendant was negligent, and2. That such negligence was a cause of injury to the plaintiff. Q. WHAT IS NEGLIGENCE? Negligence is the doing of something which a reasonably prudent person would not do, or the failure to do something which a reasonably prudent person would do, under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence.It is the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care.Ordinary or reasonable care is that care which persons of ordinary prudence would use in order to avoid injury to themselves or others under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence. The person whose conduct we set up as a standard is not the extraordinarily cautious individual, nor the exceptionally skillful one, but a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.One test that is helpful in determining whether or not a person was negligent is to ask and answer the question whether or not, if a person of ordinary prudence had been in the same situation and possessed of the same knowledge, he or she would have foreseen or anticipated that someone might have been injured by or as a result of his or her action or inaction. If the answer to that question is "yes", and if the action or inaction reasonably could have been avoided, then not to avoid it would be negligence. Q. HOW CAUTIOUS MUST SOMEONE BE? A. The amount of caution required of a person in the exercise of ordinary care depends upon the conditions that are apparent or that should be apparent to a reasonably prudent person under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence. Q. CAN I ASSUME OTHER PEOPLE WILL BE CAREFUL AND FOLLOW THE LAW? A. Every person who, himself, is exercising ordinary care, has a right to assume that every other person will perform his duty and obey the law, and in the absence of reasonable cause for thinking otherwise, it is not negligence for such a person to fail to anticipate an accident which can occur only as a result of a violation of law or duty by another person. Q. WH AT ROLE DOES A LOCAL CUSTOM PLAY IN DETERMINING IF SOMEONE IS CAREFUL? A. Evidence as to whether or not a person con... ...Strict Liability Strict liability is different from a negligence theory in that the injured plaintiff need not show knowledge or fault on the manufacturers part. The plaintiff must show only that the product was sold or distributed by a defendant, and that the product was unreasonably dangerous at the time it left the defendants hands in order to prove liability on the part of such defendant. The behavior or knowledge (or lack of knowledge) of a products liability defendant regarding the dangerous nature of a product is not an issue for consideration under a strict liability theory. Strict liability concerns only the condition of the product itself. In contrast, a negligence theory concerns not only the product, but also the manufacturers knowledge and conduct. "Strict liability", however, does not mean "absolute liability". Simply because a per son is injured, he or she cannot assert strict liability and automatically recover. Instead, the injured consumer in asserting strict liability, still must prove his or her right to compensation by showing that the unreasonable dangerous condition of the product was what actually caused the injuries sustained.

Changing Families Essay -- Sociology, Family

Changing Families and the Impact on Surrounding SystemsThe family has been referred to as the most vital of the social institutions (Alexander, 2010). The definition of what it means to be a family has evolved over the past several generations. In technical terms, the U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as a group of two or much people residing together related by birth, espousals, or adoption. (U.S. Census, 2010). Categories of families that fit this definition include married couples with and without children, blended families, single parent, and extended family households. Same-sex and unmarried couples with and without children and individuals living entirely are not included in this group, though they are a rising segment of the population. The make-up of family and household types at any given date has major consequences for society (Katz & Stern, 2007). Major systems such as economic political, legal, and other social institutions are both impacted by changes in fam ily dynamics. This paper get out explore the evolution of the family unit and examine the reciprocal link between this shift and surrounding systems. The relationship between these changes and contemporary systems theory will overly be discussed. Population information gathered by the U.S. Census bureau provides statistical data illustrating the changing nature of the American family. Though many contemporary families fall into the traditional two parent and child household, census data shows that other categories of families are increasing. Single and unmarried parents, blended, extended, childless couples, same-sex, and individual family units are all increasing. For example, 1960 census data shows that about 9% of children lived in a single parent home.... ... the past several years is the same-sex family. Since the sexual revolution of the 1960s, changing attitudes stick out brought more tolerance to the gay and lesbian community. This has somewhat loosened the stigma previously associated with this segment of the population. Along with evolving public attitudes, economic and legal changes in the unite States ingest also reduced barriers previously facing same-sex couples making it more likely for them to form families (Butler, 2004). On the other hand, continued strong institutional ties to marriage between one man and one woman continue to pose problem for this group and shape social agendas (Glenn, 2004 Lind, 2004). While several states and many employers have given recognition and benefits to homosexual partners, there is still no uniform policy in place which addresses their familial rights in the United States.

HBM: A Dietary Supplement for Building Muscle :: Health Nutrition Papers

HBM A Dietary Supplement for Building Muscle Three major companies (Twinlab, MetRx, and EAS) currently foodstuff the nutritional supplement HMB, or beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (http//www.sports-nutrition.org/mesomorphosis/3022645.html). HMB has been highly acclaimed since its recent market debut by EAS (http//www.eas.com/research/hmb/mindex.html). Many critics book compargond it to the wonder-product Creatine Monohydrate. Such a comparison undoubtedly harbors both commanding and negative aspects. But nevertheless, HMB products continue to thrive in nutritional stores worldwide. I. What is HMB? HMB (hydroxy-methylbutraye) is a metabolite of the amino acid Leucine and is produced naturally by the human body. HMB is produced from a metabolite of leucine, called ketoisocaproate (KIC), by the enzyme KIC-dioxygenase. And, at least in the pig, HMB is produced exclusively from leucine(Nissen p.2095). II. How does HMB work? Steven Nissen and his colleagues have performed the only study to date of HMB on humans. The researchers agree that the mechanism by which HMB impacts muscle proteolysis and function is not currently known. Nevertheless there are a number of postulations. The high substrate concentration required by the dioxygenase enzyme compared with the liver concentration of KIC suggests that HMB production in the body may be a first-order reaction controlled by enzyme and KIC concentrations. It has been calculated that, under normal conditions, about 5% of leucine oxidation proceeds via this pathway. Therefore, if humans are assumed to have enzyme actions similar to those seen in pigs, a 70-kg human would produce from .2 to .4 g HMB/day depending on the level of dietary leucine. At leucine intakes of 20-50 g/day (which are used therapeutically), the concentrations of leucine and KIC in the liver increase and could result in HMB production reaching gram quantities per day(Nissen p.2095). Some studies involving HMB supplementation to the diet of steers and pigs have been coming into courtn to improve caracass quality. Based on these findings, it has been hypothesized that supplementing the diet with HMB may inhibit protein degradation during periods of increased proteolysis such(prenominal) as resistance training. III. What are the Claims? The three companies that currently market the product recommend 1.5-3.0 grams of HMB/day as a dietary supplement. Although the science behind the products effectiveness is rather unclear, all three companies show few distinctions between dosages and manufacturing. Most people who have noticed the product often see HMB advertised as a protein breakdown suppressor. Researchers claim that such an advantage actually enhances the gains in muscle strength and lean mass associated with resistance training.

HBM: A Dietary Supplement for Building Muscle :: Health Nutrition Papers

HBM A Dietary Supplement for Building Muscle Three major companies (Twinlab, MetRx, and EAS) soon market the nutritional supplement HMB, or beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (http//www.sports-nutrition.org/mesomorphosis/3022645.html). HMB has been highly ac shouted since its recent market debut by EAS (http//www.eas.com/research/hmb/mindex.html). Many critics have compared it to the wonder-product Creatine Monohydrate. Such a comparison undoubtedly harbors both positive and negative aspects. But nevertheless, HMB products continue to thrive in nutritional stores worldwide. I. What is HMB? HMB (hydroxy-methylbutraye) is a metabolite of the amino acid Leucine and is produced naturally by the human body. HMB is produced from a metabolite of leucine, called ketoisocaproate (KIC), by the enzyme KIC-dioxygenase. And, at least in the pig, HMB is produced exclusively from leucine(Nissen p.2095). II. How does HMB work? Steven Nissen and his colleagues have performed the only study to date of HMB on macrocosm. The researchers agree that the mechanism by which HMB impacts muscle proteolysis and crop is not currently known. Nevertheless there are a number of postulations. The high substrate concentration required by the dioxygenase enzyme compared with the liver concentration of KIC suggests that HMB product in the body may be a first-order reaction controlled by enzyme and KIC concentrations. It has been calculated that, under normal conditions, about 5% of leucine oxidation proceeds via this pathway. Therefore, if humans are assumed to have enzyme actions similar to those seen in pigs, a 70-kg human would produce from .2 to .4 g HMB/day depending on the level of nourishmentary leucine. At leucine intakes of 20-50 g/day (which are used therapeutically), the concentrations of leucine and KIC in the liver increase and could result in HMB production reaching gram quantities per day(Nissen p.2095). Some studies involving HMB supplementation to the diet of steers and p igs have been shown to improve caracass quality. Based on these findings, it has been hypothesized that supplementing the diet with HMB may inhibit protein degradation during periods of increased proteolysis such as resistance training. III. What are the Claims? The iii companies that currently market the product recommend 1.5-3.0 grams of HMB/day as a dietary supplement. Although the science behind the products effectiveness is rather unclear, all three companies show few distinctions between dosages and manufacturing. Most people who have noticed the product often see HMB advertised as a protein breakdown suppressor. Researchers claim that such an advantage actually enhances the gains in muscle strength and lean mass associated with resistance training.

Define the Key Terms Essay

Application Gener anyy, a function on any kind of ready reckoner or electronic kink that is useful to the user, which can give the user a reason to want to own and use the device. More specifically, software that performs some useful function for a user. Computer interlock A combination of many components that work together so that many different devices can communicate. Computer networking The gerund form of the term computer network. Email Electronic mail. An application in which the user can type text and attach other files to create the electronic equivalent of a postal letter, and s arrest the email to another person using his or her email anticipate. Enterprise network A network owned and operated by a troupe, with that company being somewhat larger than typical, generally (but not exactly) with more(prenominal) than 1000 employees. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol, The protocolused by electronic network browsers and web servers to define the initialize of URLs (web addr esses) and the messages used to exchange web objects. Internet/the Internet The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet, with each home and company network connecting to an Internet service provider (ISP), which in turn connects to other ISPs. Link A generic term for any network cable or piano tuner communications path between two devices over which bits can be transmitted.Node A generic term for any networking device that sits on the end of links, for the purpose of both connecting links to create physical paths and to make decisions about how to forward data through the network. Protocol A set of rules that different devices and/or software must follow so that the network works correctly. Video frame A grid of pixel locations of a chosen width by height that contains the lights/colors to be shown in a video at a single point in time. Voice call A more modern term for a telephone call that does not use the word telephone, instead emphasizing the fact that the traffic that flows between the endpoints is voice. Web address Text that identifies details about one object in a network so that a client can request that object from a server. An informal term for URL. Web browser Literally, software controlled directly by a user that requests web pages from a web server, and after receiving a page, displays the web page in a window. More generally, this term refers to both the software and the hardware on which it executes. Web page In a web browser, all the text, images, video, and sound that fill the window of the browser when the user opens a link to some web address. Web server Literally, software that stores web pages and web objects, listens for requests for those pages, and sends the content of those pages/objects to clients. More generally, this term refers to both the software and the hardware on which it executes.

Israel-Palestine: Two-State vs One-State Solution

What Does The Future Hold for Israel-Palestine? The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has proven to be mavin of the most hard and intractable conflicts of modern history or as some may even add of all time. And after many decades of failed attempts at peacemaking in this region, thither still seems to be no conceivable end to the conflict.During those same decades, most of the parties involved as well as the international community have embraced the creative thinker of a twain- press out resolve, but the question we pose today asks whether this solution is still a practicable option con steadring the present context, and if non, is it finally time to consider a one- articulate solution?This prove will argue that although a two- enounce solution remains the more desirable and popular option, keeping in-line with both nations desire for freedom, civic rights, dignity, dry landhood and nationhood, it may no longer be a possibility in the near future and as time passes. A one-stat e solution also has its faults however, as it exclusively fails to address the issue of inevitable future conflicts and retaliation, which would stem from the most problematic symptom of a bi-national state the reduction of Palestinian-Israelis to second-class citizens within their own country.Finally, the es presuppose will attempt to show that regardless of what the more desirable and feasible option may be, the context today shews to a de facto one-state truthfulness, which some argue would in conclusion need to be embraced as the only option. There is no solution but the two-state solution? Is a one-state solution feasible today? If it is, how optimal of a solution is it for both populations and state-entities?The answer seems to be negative principally due to the fact that the Jewish-Israeli populace desires to remain a volume within their own state and similarly because the Jewish-Israeli state depends on a Jewish majority in order to vote-in and implement laws and polic ies, which are aimed to abide a safe home for the Jewish and not the Arab population as per the Balfour Declaration (1). Uniting all territories under one-same state would channelise demographics in such a manner that Jewish-Israelis would become the nonage within their own state, and thus they would put in jeopardy the Jewish component of what s now a democratic Jewish state. A one-state solution seems to be a utopian idea when we consider the immense sense of pride and victory the Palestinian and Israeli good deals attach to the concept of having and ruling all over their own independent and sovereign state. History has shown time and again that no two entities have ever peacefully agreed and successfully managed to create a multinational state within one-same country, but rather they have favoured separate national states, or a two-state solution.Also, from a psychoanalytical and social approach, it appears virtually all told improbable that two peoples, cultures and religi ons that have participated in such a long-standing intractable conflict would concede to the creation of only one state, since their motivational and cognitive biases as a result of distinct psychological processes would render then unable to recognize as advantageous settlement terms proposed by the other side (2).This would fully undermine the Palestinians participation for liberation and sovereignty and the Israelis struggle for existence and independence. Moreover, under one state, the Palestinians would perhaps suffer a reality of segregation and would shift their fight towards one for achieving their civil rights. This could potentially be achieved as it was done in South-Africa. However, it would ultimately lead towards a Jewish minority within the state and that would directly threaten the existence of a Jewish state.One could argue that Israelis would never agree to dismantle the Jewish state by contributing to the formation of an Arab majority within their own territory. Also, the realities in South-Africa were quite different from those in Israel-Palestine today. In fact, the struggle was of other nature the black-Africans and white-Africans both fought for a one-state solution and the domination of that state, whereas the Palestinians and Israelis fight for the creation of their own independent states, whence a one-state option is neither desired by the Israelis nor the Palestinians (3) (4).Furthermore, the involvement and conflict-resolution approaches of the international community during the South-African ordeal differed greatly from those of today, since Israel has a more complex relationship with the United-States than South-Africa ever did and an international boycott of Israel would ultimately fail as it would be interpreted as a repetition of the Holocaust, which began with the aboveboard slogan Dont buy from the Jews and which no one in their right mind desires today 5) So, is a two-state solution a more viable option? One might think that a two-state option is a very(prenominal) remote possibility seeing the constant hostility from the Palestinian side, the crisis and disjunction between Hamas and the official Palestinian Authority, the fragmentation of the atomic number 74 Bank territory into districts due to growing Israeli settlements, and an almost inexistent peace process between the two nations in light of a unilateral Israeli approach to conflict resolution.However, it is also vital to underline that the lack of evidence of a one-state option universe the optimal solution to the problem makes the route towards a two-state solution more compelling in comparison. In fact, by opting for a one-state solution and denying the Palestinian people their own independent state where they can freely live with dignity and enjoy full civic rights, Israel and the international community risk causing additive chaos, retaliation and a continuation of the already intractable war between these two nations.On the other hand, the reality we have today points de facto to the existence of a bi-national state, mainly as a result of Israels expansionist policies. In fact, living on what was dantan Philistine are almost eleven million people, almost equally divided, half of whom the Palestinians are growing faster in number and will most inevitably become the majority (6). Historic precedents have shown through and through failed peacemaking processes that this convey cannot be successfully partitioned by agreement.This means that the only way to achieve a two-state solution is by military force, which many would agree is not desirable, since it may generate the worst war to date. The greatest fear emanating from the adoption of a one-state solution, and which prompts many to favour the infamous two-state solution, is the creation of an apartheid state and second-class citizens as was the case in South-Africa. However, many fail to remember that only upon agreement to create a democratic bi-national state did South-Africa dissolve its apartheid component (7). This is not to say that an equitably shared i-national state would automatically be created when and if a one-state solution is put into place, but rather that a peaceful coexistence within a bi-national state is a possibility. In fact, one could defend that any attempt to separate the two entities would be impossible, since any territorial split would create displaced Palestinian and Israeli persons and refugees within both states. A two-state solution almost guarantees that having Palestinians and Israelis live under Israeli and Palestinian sovereignly respectively will additionally fuel discontent, retaliation and slam-bang struggle.This would undermine any past attempt to reconcile the two parties and achieve peace, and would render any past accords and treaties useless. Furthermore, ruling two separate geographical entities Gaza and the West Bank under the same independent Palestinian state is an impractical and in efficient way of organizing institutions and governmental administrations, as it would complicate decision-making and even practical executing of policies pertaining to resources, energy, security and social issues.For example, how could a Palestinian state survive without access to resources such as water system and electricity, when Israel has almost completely taken control of water access in the West Bank and is the greatest supplier of electricity to the Palestinian territories? Also, how will these two geographically separate, yet politically united entities communicate, project safety for their citizens travelling through Israel in-between Gaza and the West Bank, organize transport and delivery of goods, services and energy to each part, and how will they reconcile their economies?The answers to most of these questions point towards a reality that would be quite impossible to accept and sustain. In addition, it is safe to say that the problem of a two-state solution runs a lot deeper. For example, the PA is quite weak as it lacks support in Gaza it is lead by wealthy officials who have no interest in altering the Palestinian reality in the West Bank due to their investments in that region, the economy is unstable in that region, and it depends almost entirely on Israeli and American support and funding.If it became a sovereign state, Palestines economy would suffer, as it is greatly linked and depends on both Israel and the international community. From empirical evidence, as is the case with many European countries today and other African and South American countries some years ago, we know that a weak or crumbling economy spells political and social unrest, and therefore a two-state solution would fail to accomplish what a one-state solution may prevent a failed state and extreme violent uprisings.Moreover, land disputes are an hinderance for a clear-cut two-state solution. For example, ten percent of the West Bank would be annexed by Israel (8) as it forms part of permanent Israeli settlements and land-swaps would occur failing to provide a clear understanding of what would happen to Palestinians living on these swapped territories inside of Israel. For these reasons and more, it is quite unimaginable to even speak of a strong, stable and sovereign Palestinian state at the moment.In sum, neither option seems to be ideal, although on a personal note, I believe that a one-state solution would lead to yet another form of occupation, at least for some years or even generations to come, of lower-class Palestinian-Israelis by Jewish-Israelis as well as to more struggle for land and to more violence, since the Jewish inhabitants of the land evidently enjoy the upper economic and political hand in this conflict. As the South-African example depicts well, the one-state option would lead to an apartheid state for some time at least.Israeli-Jews inevitably would continue to hold onto the economic and socio-political power they enjoy to day, which means that Palestinian-Israelis would become second-class citizens who will suffer diversity in all spheres of life and who may even be compelled by law to participate in that which is the top source of their anguish and hate the Israeli army. Both sides will forcibly persist in trying to augment their numbers in order to form the standing majority and the foreseeable and very unfortunate event that would unfold is another mid-twentieth century-type civil war.And however complicated a two-state solution may seem, it is an illusion to believe that the Israelis or the Palestinians for that matter would good give up the idea of having their own independent state. There is no force in this world that could make these two nations give up this aspiration. However, on the other hand, it seems that if the idea of a two-state solution was brought to fruition today it would be a disaster for the Palestinian people, since the content of the solution would inevitably put them at a disadvantage in the context of today.In the end, as we can deduce from some of the evidence presented in this essay, one is still left with unanswered questions as well as with new questions pertaining respectively to the best possible option for Israel and Palestine as well as other foreseeable solutions that differ from the one and two-state solutions. References and Works Cited Al-Masri, Hani. The Two-State Solution Is Still an Option. Palestine-Israel daybook of Politics, economic science and Culture 14. 2 (2007) 27-30. Print. ?Avnrey, Uri. One State Solution or Utopia? Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 4 (2007) 7-12. Print. Awad, Samir. Http//www. pij. org/details. php? id=1413. Palestine-Israel Journal Impact of the Revolutions in the Arab World on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict AndFuture Prospects. Middle East Publications, 2012. Web. 04 Aug. 2012. . Baskin, Gershon. A Choice To Be Made. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007) 94-96. Print. Democracy in America Blog Correspondents. (2011).Palestine Statehood A Strategic Mistake by Everyone. Available (http//www. economist. com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/09/palestine- statehood-0). Last accessed 3rd Aug 2012. ?Dudai, Ron. A Model for Dealing with the departed in the IsraeliPalestinian Context. The International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (2007) 249-67. Print. Ghanem, Asad. Cooperation Instead of Separation A One-State Solution to Promote Israeli-Palestinian Peace. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007) 13-19. Print. ?Hadi, A. B. A. The Balfour Declaration. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 164. 1 (1932) 12-21. Print. ?Kelman, Herbert C. The Interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian National Identities The Role of the separate in Existential Conflicts. Journal of Social Issues 55. 3 (1999) 581-600. Print. ?Lindsay, Talmud. Six South-African Lessons. Pal estine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007) 96-100. Print. Majdalani, Ahmad. The Serious Threats Facing the Palestinian National Project. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. (2007) 37-43. Print. Plenary, Sixty-sixth General Assembly. UN General Assembly Archives. 23 Sept. 2011. Peace Can Only Come through Negotiations, Responds Israels Prime Minister, Offering unreserved Discussion. United Nations NHQ, United States of America, New York. Pollak, Joel. A Northern Ireland Solution for the West Bank? Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture 14. 2 (2007) 62-68. Print. ?Ruether, Rosemary, Invisible Palestinians ideology and Reality in Israel, Christian Century Publishing, (1987), p. 587.

Change management Essay

transpose heed is an approach to transitioning individuals, police squads, and placements to a desired future state. In this assignment I on the wholeow for be covering Rollin and Christine Glasers (1992) five elements to improve squad effectiveness, IT management competencies, reasons for mergers and acquisitions in reference to southeastern African businesses and roles leading should play during the transmute process. In the aim to provide one with a separate rationality of and insight of change management. interrogation 1Rollin and Christine Glaser (1992) the five elements that contribute to the level of a teams effectiveness over time.These are Team mission, seening and goal determinedting Team roles Team operating processes Team interpersonal dealinghips and mask team relations.Team mission planning and goal settingThe most effective teams have a unshakable sense of their project, organize their meet just roughly that purpose, and plan and set goals in lin e with that purpose. Teams and individuals within teams must have a clear consciousness of their objectives. clearness of objectives together with a commonality understanding and agreement of these objectives are fundamental. Locke and Latham have identified that the very act of goal setting was a prime motivator for a team the more your team sets clear goals the more likely it is to succeed. When implementing clear goal setting in a team it ordain increase the effectiveness ratio. Clear goals are point more substantial when teams are involved in change, partially because unless they know where they are goingthey are unlikely to get there, and partly because a strong sense of purpose can mitigate some of the more harmful effects of change.Team rolesThe team should comprehend their own and other team members roles, and how these connect to achieving the team objective. This becomes even more important with teams based remotely and some that are part-time working. The best way f or a team to achieve its goals is for the team to be structured logically around those goals. Individual team members fill to have clear roles and accountabilities. They take up to have a clear understanding non only of what their individual role is, but likewise what the roles and accountabilities of other team members are. Clear roles have two useful functions. It contributes to a clear sense of purpose and it provides a supportive framework for task accomplishment.Team operating processesA team needs to have certain enabling processes in place for tidy sum to carry out their work together. These processes can be seen as ground rules for a team to adhere to. Certain things need to be placed that go away allow the task to be achieved in a way that is as efficient and as effective as possible. Processes deals with the issues and decisions and how the team will respond to them in an efficient and effective way without disrupting the work process within the team.During the chang e process when team change typically puts pressures and priorities it can isolate people out-of-door from the team, the team operating processes can act like a lubricant, enabling a smooth healthy team to continually function.Areas that a team need actively label by discussing and agreeing include Frequency, timing and agenda of meetings Problem-solving and decision-making methodologies Ground rules Procedures for dealing with conflict when it occurs Reward mechanisms for individuals contributing to team goals Type and style of redirect examination process.Team interpersonal relationshipsTo encourage team members to communicate with one another, share information, communicate openly, respect differences, which will increase relationships and understandings within the team. This all helps to build desire and a better working atmosphere. To achieve clear understanding of goals and roles, the team needs to work together to agree and clarify them. Operating processes must also be d iscussed and agreed. To achieve this level of communication, the interpersonal relationships within the team need to be in a relatively healthy state. Allowing for open communication that is forceful and task focused, as well as creating opportunities for giving and receiving feedback aimed at creating development. High levels of trust within a team are the foundation for coping with conflict.Inter-team relationsRegular communication flows amid teams are essential as they help to keep up with changing situations and ensure the right thing is being delivered. Teams cannot work in isolation with expecting in achieving their geological formational objectives. The nature of nerves today are complex, sophisticated and with increasing loose and permeable boundaries. Teams need to connect more. It is also because the environs is changing faster and is more complex, so keeping in touch with information outside of your own team is a basic survival outline.Question 2IT MANAGEMENT COMPET ENCIES Business deploymentA systematical procedure of implementing an activity, processes, programs, or systems to all concerning areas of an organization to achieve a particular outcome. Communicate the value offered by rising IT organisations. This needs to be coupled with the use of IT teams, with good knowledge of IT, to improve IT solutions.Examination of the potential business value of new, emerging IT Utilization of multidisciplinary teams throughout the organization Effective working relationships among line managers and IT staff Technology transfer, where appropriate, of triumphful IT applications Platforms and runAdequacy of IT-related knowledge of line managers throughout the organization Visualizing the value of IT investments throughout the organization Appropriateness of IT policiesAppropriateness of IT sourcing decisionsEffectiveness of IT measurement systems External networksThe network outside a teams internal network environment which cant be controlled by the t eam or the organization. These needs are to create close partnerships with external companies to create more organisational awareness.Existence of electronic links with the organizations customers Existence of electronic links with the organizations suppliers Collaborative alliances with external partners (vendors, systems integrators, Competitors) to develop IT-based products and processes. Line technology leadingLine technology leadinghip is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task within the IT management environment. It is having the skill in organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. Users much(prenominal) as line managers and ranking(prenominal) managers need to participate actively in leading ITinitiatives.Line managers ownership of IT projects within their domains of business responsibility Ability of employees throughout the organization to serve as Project Leaders. Pro cess adaptivenessThe ability to change and adapt suitably and accordingly to suit the IT climate and are able to conform to the new conditions by actor of modification. It is also active the companies track record in restructuring its processes, and the existence of an environment where employees can find and explore the functionality of IT systems.Ability of employees throughout the organization to learn about and subsequently explore the functionality of installed IT tools and Applications restructuring of business processes, where appropriate, throughout the organization Visualizing organisational activities throughout the organization. IT planningIT planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal within an information technology environment. It involves the creation and maintenance of a Strategic plan. The thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of an IT plan in relation to strategic planning, or in tegration of it with other plans. It combines with developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them.Integration of business strategic planning and IT strategic planning Clarity of vision regarding how IT contributes to business value Effectiveness of IT planning throughout the organizationEffectiveness of project management practices. IT infrastructureIT infrastructure is a combined set of hardware, software, networks, facilities, etc. In order to develop, test, deliver, monitor, control or support IT services. It controls the restructuring, design and architecture of data and networks etc. It is also about the appropriateness and flexibility of the vestigial infrastructure which allows innovative IT practices to be emerged.restructuring of IT work processes, where appropriateAppropriateness of data architectureAppropriateness of network architectureKnowledge of and adequacy of the organizations IT skill base Consistency of object (data, process, rules) defini tionsEffectiveness of software development practices.Question 3 step-upA lot of commercial mergers and acquisitions are about growing and expansion. Growth normally involves acquiring new customers. Merging or acquiring another compevery enables a faster way of growth, which detours around the unnecessary, long, dim and uncertainty process of internally generated growth. It brings with it the risks and challenges of understanding the intended benefits of this activity. The appeal of immediate revenue growth must be weighed up against the negatives of asking management to set out an even larger company.Massmart a South African firm has merged with American giants Wal-Mart in hopes to create more and new customers. It can also be about getting access to facilities, brands, trademarks, technology or even employees. This strategy was used to implement growth and expansion in this particular industry.SynergyIts the cooperation of two or more organizations to produce a combined effect greater than when they were separate . If two organizations arethought to have synergy, this indicates the potential ability of the two to be more successful when merged than they were apart. This usually translates into Operating synergies are those synergies that allow firms to increase their operating income from existing assets ,increase growth or both. Growth in revenues through a newly created or strengthened product or service (hard to achieve) Cost reductions in core operating processes through economies of case (easier to achieve) Financial synergies such as lowering the embody of capital (cost of borrowing, flotation costs) More competent, clearer governance (as in the merger of two hospitals). However, there whitethorn be other gains. Some acquisitions can be motivated by the belief that the acquiring company has better management skills, and can therefore manage the acquired companys assets and employees more successfully in the long term and more profitably. Merg ers and acquisitions can also be about strengthening quite specific areas, such as boosting research capability, or strengthening the distribution network.DiversificationDiversification is about growing business outside the companys traditional industry. This showcase of merger or acquisition was very popular during the third wave in the 1960s (see box). Although General Electric (GE) has flourished by following a strategy that embraced both diversification and divestiture, many companies following this course have been far less successful. Diversification may result from a companys need to develop a portfolio through nervousness about the earning potential of its current markets, or through a desire to enter a more moneymaking line of business. The latter is a tough target, and economic theory suggests that a diversification strategy to gain entry into more profitable areas of business will not be successful in the long run (see Gaughan, 2002 for more explanation of this). A clas sic recent example of this going wrong is Marconi, which seek to diversify by buying US telecoms businesses. Unfortunately, this was just before the whole telecoms market crashed, and Marconi suffered badly from this strategy.Integration to achieve economic gains or better servicesAnother increasingly common motive for merger and acquisition activity is toachieve horizontal integration. A company may decide to merge with or acquire a competitor to gain market share and increase its marketing strength. Public sector organizations may merge purely to achieve cost savings (often a guiltily held motivation) or to enhance partnership working in the service of customers. Vertical integration is also an attraction. A company may decide to merge with or acquire a customer or a supplier to achieve at least one of the following A dependable source of supply The ability to demand specialized supply Lower costs of supply Improved competitive position.An example of this in South Africa is when Glaxo-Smith Kline (GSK) one of the largest pharmaceutical company worldwide decided to merge with Aspen Pharmaceuticals (Largest Pharmaceutical Company in South Africa) in order to get a better hold of its market position in Africa and by obtaining tenders and contracts by the government to supply local communities within South Africa generic medication and also anti-retrovirals. protective measuresSome mergers are defensive and are a response to other mergers that threaten the commercial position of a company.Pressure to do a deal, any dealThere is often tremendous pressure on the CEO to reinvest cash and grow reported earnings (Selden and Colvin, 2003). He or she may be being advised to make the deal quickly before a competitor does, so much so that the CEOs definition of success becomes completion of the deal rather than the longer-term programme of achieving intended benefits. This is dangerous because those merging or acquiring when in this frame of mind can easily overapprais al potential revenue increases or costs savings. In short, they can get carried away. Feldmann and Spratt (1999) warn of the seductive nature of merger and acquisition activity. Executives everywhere, but most specially those in the worlds largest corporations and institutions, have a knack for falling prey to their own hype and promotion.Implementation is simply a detail and stockholder value is just around the corner. This is quite simply delusional thinking.Question 4There are various views about the role a leader should play in the change process The machine fable implies that the leader sits at the top of the organization, setting goals and driving them through to completion. The political system metaphor implies that the leader needs to become the figurehead of a powerful coalition which attracts followers by communicating a compelling and attractive vision, and through negotiation and bargaining. The organism metaphor says the leaders primary role is that of coach, counse llor and consultant. The flux and transformation metaphor says the leader is a facilitator of emergent change.Different types of leaders have different types of role.Local line leadersThese are the front-line managers who design the products and services and make the core processes work. Without the commitment of these people, no momentous change will overstep. These people are usually very focused on their own teams and customers. They rely on network leaders to link them with other parts of the organization, and on executive leaders to create the right infrastructure for good ideas to emerge and take root.Executive leadersThese are management board members. Senge does not debate that all change starts here. Rather, he states that these leaders are responsible for three key things designing the right innovation environment and the right infrastructure for judicial decision and reward, teaching and mentoring local line leaders, and serving as role models to demonstrate their co mmitment to values and purpose.Network leadersSenge makes the point that the really significant organizational challenges occur at the inter subjects between project groups, functions and teams. Network leaders are people who work at these interfaces. They are guides, advisors, active helpers and accessors (helping groups of people to get preference from elsewhere), working in partnership with line leaders. They often have the insight to help local line leaders to move forward and make changes happen across the organization. The interconnections are hard to achieve in reality. We have observed the following obstacles to achieving smooth interconnection between the different roles Executive leaders are busy, hard-to-get-hold-of people who can become quite disconnected from their local line leaders. Executive leaders and local line leaders rarely meet face to face and communicate by e-mail, if at all. Network leaders, such as internal consultants or process facilitators, are often diverted from their leadership roles by requests either to perform expert tasks or to implement HR-led initiatives. Network leaders may be busy and effective, but are usually undervalued as leaders of change. They often have to battle to get recognized as important players in the organization. Senges model recognizes the need for all three types of leader, and the need for connectivity between different parts of the organization if change is desired.ConclusionIts more appropriate in anticipating objections than to spend your time putting out fires,(prevention is better than cure) and understanding how to overcome resistance to change is a essential part of any change management plan. Expecting resistance to change and planning for it from the start of your change management course of action will allow you to effectively and effectively manage objections. Not dealing with change proactively is one of the larger downfalls.In the end all sources of resistance to change need to be ackn owledged and employees emotions validated in order to move forward with the change.Index PageGlossary of impairmentIntroductionQuestion 1- Rollin and Christine Glaser (1992) five elements to improve team effectivenessQuestion 2- Discussing five categories of IT management competencesQuestion 3- Reasons for mergers and acquisitions in reference to South AfricaQuestion 4- Roles leaders play in the change processConclusionBibliography and ReferencesGlossary of termsRestructuring This type of corporate action is usually made when there are significant problems in a company, which are causing some form of financial harm and putting the overall business in jeopardy. The hope is that through restructuring, a company can eliminate financial harm and improve the businessAcquisition An act of purchase of one company by another.Merger The unite of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company.Change The act or instance of mak ing or becoming different.Resistance The refusal to accept or comply with something, the attempt to prevent something by action or argument.Cognitive The mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.References and bibliographiesCameron ,E, Green ,M. Making Sense of Change Management A Complete Guide to the Models Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change. Kogan Page Publishers, (2012)Kotter, J. (July 12, 2011). Change Management vs. Change Leadership -Whats the Difference?Filicetti, John (August 20, 2007). Project Management Dictionary.Conner, Daryl (August 15, 2012). The Real Story of the Burning Platform.Anderson, D. & Anderson, L.A. (2001). Beyond Change Management locomote Strategies for Todays Transformational Leaders.

Assignment †Team Work in Business Essay

Some caution aggroups argon bound to succeed while other be not due to a number of factors. A aggroup, according to Adair (1986), is more than just a group with a common aim. It is a group in which the contributions of individuals are seen as complementary. Collaboration, working together, is the keynote of a team employment. Adair suggests that the test of an effective team is whether its components can work as a team while they are apart, contributing to a sequence of activities rather than to a common task, which requires their presence in one place and at one time. Below is a intervention of some of the major factors that create a difference between winning and losing vigilance teams .1. Supportive SponsorManagement teams are usually formed by a sponsor who recognizes that r severallying an organizational coating forget require a group of individuals working together to provide the drawing cards indispensable to impress a company, division or unit towards the organiz ations goals. It is the sponsors responsibility to create a charter that establishes the charge team and its ancient focus. In addition, the sponsor establishes specific goals the team is to accomplish. The sponsor pass on also select the team draw and dupe his or her commitment to mastermind the leadership team in defining and carrying out the needed actions. Lack of allow or proper direction by the sponsor ( e. g board of directors in a company) can lead to team failure.2. Environmental factorsThese include physical factors such as working proximity, plant or office layout. In general, approximate proximity aids group identity and loyalty, and distance reduces them. Other environmental issues include the traditions of the organisation under which the management team operates, and leadership styles. Formal organisations extend to adopt formal group practices. Autocratic leadership styles prefer group activities to be directed.3. Team sizeSmall groups tend to be more adhesiv e than larger groups small groups tend to encourage full participation large groups contain greater diversity of talent.4. Focus on Stakeholder OutcomesA shared perceptiveness of the management teams stakeholders, their expectations of the team, and the set the team embraces is essential to create the focus needed as the management team members plan and execute the actions necessary to achieve the teams goals.5. Smart GoalsSpecific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound goals should be established by the teams sponsor and then broken into sub-goals by the management team. Without SMART goals, the team will lack the milestones necessary to drive action.6. Team LeadershipTeam leadership is the most critical success factor for the motion management team. A leader with strong performance management skills and the ability to develop others virtually guarantees a successful performance initiative. Every management team needs a leader who focuses the members of the team on th e mission, purpose, and goals of the team. This individual essential be committed to the teams results and moldiness be willing to be held accountable by the teams sponsor and other stakeholders, for leading the team through processes that insure the teams goals are reached. The team leader moldiness engage each team member in the processes of the team and build a platform of mutual trust that leads to open debate, collaboration, individual commitment, and individualized accountability.7. Mutual TrustThe most important element of successful team work is the establishment of a platform of mutual trust that enables the management team to engage in open debate and decision making that leads to commitments to action by individual members of the team. Building this trust requires an openness that allows team members to know and stop up the beliefs and behaviors of all members of the team so that team actions can be structured to take advantage of each members uniqueness and talents. Behavioral and values assessments are powerful tools in developing an understanding how each member of the management team views themselves and responds to others in the team.8. Engaged Management Team MembersAn effective management team will befool team members who are actively engaged in the work and focus of the team. This will require that each team member emotionally commits to actively and openly participate in the teams processes in the pursuit of the teams goals. The team member must willingly commit to carry out action plans to complete individual actions necessary for the team to reach their team goals. The team member must be true(p) and carry the full weight of personal responsibility to complete their individual commitments by the date committed to. Engaged team members enthusiastically support each other and add value to other team members. They prepare for team processes and choose to engage others in a positive manner to find solutions to issues and challenges they separately or as a team face. They constantly seek to improve themselves for the benefit of the team and never, never, never quit.9. Composition of the TeamThe Apollo Syndrome is a phenomenon that having too many another(prenominal) people with a high mental abilities grouped together to solve a problem is, in many instances, detrimental to the teamwork process. Team members spend overmuch of their time trying to persuade the team to adopt their own views as well as figuring out trends to point out weaknesses in the rest of the teams ideas. They have difficulty reaching consensus in decisions and are focused on their own work, paying little attention to what their familiar spirit team members agree doing. Occasionally the team will pick up on the fact they are having problems, but will then overcompensate to cancel confrontation. This leads to even more problems in making sound decisions. A knowledgeable team, skilled at group working, and with a wider range of talents is muc h more plausibly to succeed than an inexperienced group with a narrow range of talents.10. Individual CommitmentsThe work of a management team is carried out by individual members of the team. When a team has developed a plan of actions that are necessary to achieve their goals or overcome barriers, individual members must commit to carrying out specific actions which in many cases will include actions by the individual teams they in turn lead. The management teams collaborative processes must include steps to * do individual actions,* Gain the commitments by individual team members to complete the actions, * Document due dates, and * Establish status reporting processes.11. Discipline and AccountabilityTeam goals will usually not be realized until individual commitments are completed. Management team members must embrace a discipline to complete their commitments as scheduled. They must agree to hold each other personally accountable for completing, as scheduled, the commitments each person has made to the team. Each management team member must continuously report the status of their open commitments to the team so that barriers to completion can be identified early in order to permit the management team leader and other team members the opportunity to deal with the issues before overall deadlines are impacted.12. Identification and Removal of BarriersBarriers to team and individual progress will occur in every management team effort and must be dealt with quickly to continue progress towards the teams goals. The team leader must continuously monitor the status of each individuals commitments and initiate barrier removal processes where appropriate. Team-based processes for developing action plans to overcome barriers impacting individual commitments should be instilled as a part of the teams culture.13. Shared vision / approach.The ability for a management team to clearly state its goals and objectives and gain buy-in among the people they lead ( e. g. emp loyees )along with a synergistic team that can carry out their responsibilities is vital to performance success. The vision and/or mission of the team must be accepted by all the team members and critical goals viewed as the collective responsibility of the team. If a return to profitability is a critical goal of an executive team, priorities and time commitments must be pulled from elsewhere. Focusing on results that in any way does not support the critical goal(s) of the team will lead to team failure.14. Technology supportWhile a skilled management team can improve performance with very little tools and only an effective approach, with proper technology to support the teams needs, and the proper data to drive decision making, there is almost no limit to the improvements an organization will yield.15. Ability to InnovateInnovating is a key aspect of teamwork and involves challenging the way things are currently being done. Technology is changing so quickly that the way you are cur rently performing tasks may no longer be the best way. If you are not up-to-date in your practices, your cost structure may be too high or you may no longer be delivering competitive service. Innovating is essential for all work teams. There are everlastingly better ways of doing things if you only take time to discover them.16. PromotingTo obtain the resources people, money, and equipment to carry out your work, you have to sell what you are doing to other people. Resources to implement immature ideas will only be given if your team can persuade and influence people higher in the organization. Promoting to customers or clients both inside or outside the organization is also important if you are to continually deliver what people want.17. DevelopingMany ideas dont see the light of twenty-four hours because they are impractical. The Developing activity ensures that your ideas are molded and shaped to meet the needs of your customers, clients, or users. It involves listening to their needs and incorporating these in your plans. Developing will ensure that what you are trying to do is possible, given the resource constraints of your organization.18. Inspecting & MaintenanceRegular checks on work activities are essential to ensure that mistakes are not made. fiber audits of your products or services will ensure that your customers or clients will remain satisfied. Inspecting also covers the financial aspect of work in your team, as well as the security aspects, the safety aspects and the legal aspects. All management teams need to uphold standards and maintain effective work processes. Your car will fail if it does not have its regular service. Teams can fail too, if the team processes are not regularly checked and maintained. Maintaining ensures that quality standards are upheld and that regular reviews of team effectiveness take place.19. LinkingLinking is the activity that ensures all team members pull together, and makes the difference between a group o f individuals and a highly effective and efficient team. It covers the linking of people, linking of tasks and leadership linking.

My Hero-Muhammad Ali David Ramsey 10A Essay

My hero is Muhammad Ali who first came into the public eye as Cassius Clay when he won a gold bay wreath at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960. In 1964 he stunned the boxing community with his defeat of Sonny Liston, the heavyweight champion, and shocked the human being yet again when he changed his name to Muhammad Ali after the fight.During the Vietnam war he was ordered to go and fight only if he refused on religious grounds, but his decision was not met with ease, he was branded a draft-dodger and threatened with prison. He was stripped of his title and was effectively banned from boxing.Despite this, he never gave in to the American Government and stuck to his principles and during the years of exile from boxing he spent time studying his religion and public speaking. It was evident that he was sincere in his beliefs and he started to reclaim the respect of the American public, especially as the horrors of what was happening in Vietnam began to be shared more widely.When he wa s 28 and after 3 years band from the sport he loved, he was able to resume his boxing career. He purgetually regained his title and went on to fight in many of the most breathtaking fights the world has ever seen.During his career, his influence on the world of boxing changed the sport forever. He took the world heavyweight championship away from its traditional New York City venue and took it to Canada, Britain, Germany, Zaire, Malaysia and Manila, as well as the United States.He used his position to speak out against inequality and forever helped people who were less fortunate than himself. He is still an ambassador of his religion and continues to try to give people hope.After he came back from suspension, he started with a mission to reclaim his title, he was granted a title shot against Joe Frasier in 1971, he underestimated Joes ability however, and lost the fight, it would now be even ruffianlyer to become champion again.The world said that he was too old and past his pea k when he was beat again by Ken Norton in 1972. Joe Frasier was beaten by George head so Ali knew that if he was once again to become the Greatest he would have to beat Ken Norton, which he did and hence he made an amazing comeback against Joe Frasier in the rematch in 1974. Ali had earned his title shot, the stage was set for Zaire (the Rumble in the Jungle) Ali vs Foreman.Muhammad Ali was actually old and although he had made amazing comebacks against Frasier and Norton, neither of these were the fighter that George Foreman was, even Alis declare trainer asked Foreman to take it easy on Ali because he was an old man. But yet again Muhammad Ali be the world wrong yet again by knocking out George Foreman out in 8 rounds to regain his title.He reigned as champion for 4 years until he was beaten by Leon Spinks, now Leon was thought to be the greatest and the world expected him to become the next Muhammad Ali, he repeatidly taunted Ali until the rematch when Ali taught him what it meant to be the greatestHe was the first man to win the title 3 times. His flamboyant style has made him a legend, and his slogans I am the greatest and float like a butterfly, sting like a bee became catch phrases.Alis lifestyle was plagued with divorces and failed relationships but stayed loyal to his religion and his fans.Ali was president Carters special envoy to Africa in 1980 (attempting to persuade nations to boycott the Olympics).Muhammad Ali has lots of personal qualities and values. He mouth for civil civil rights against discrimination of black people in America on numerous occasions and refused to go to Vietnam for 2 reasons he remained loyal to Islam and he refused to murder innocent people. This shows dignity and independence because he wouldnt get drafted into the army when he didnt want to. I admire Alis closing and strengh of character in this act even when he was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment and had his boxing license revoked he would not submit to the Amer ican Government. Ali has got to be the most entertaining sportsman ever, his humour, charisma and skill in the ring earned him the sportsperson of the century award.I admired his boxing skills when I first learnt well-nigh Muhammad Ali but as I progressed in learning about his life I was amazed to find out how much money he donated towards charity, he held many storeraisers for under priveliged children on the streets of America and Africa.Ali was very endurant because he has always been the only boxer to dance around the ring for a whole 15 rounds during a fight.He was always confident in his abilitys and always optimistic. Ali has great ambition, ever since he started boxing he said he would be the greatest and went in the right direction to do so because he is widely known as the greatest boxer ever. Ali has the courage to root up and fight for what he believed in because he became a muslim whilst getting alot of criticism off muslims themselves, and changed his name to Muhamma d Ali to suit his religion even when his own family disapproved of it.Now, Muhammad Ali is suffering from Parkinsons disease, which attacks the nervous system, there is no cure for this disease and Ali has suffered immensly as a result of it.Despite this he still finds the energy to fund the Black Muslim campaign and other charities.Muhammad Ali has certainly influenced my life for the better because he has taught me to never give up on my dreams. Muhammad Ali is a perfect causa of that if you work hard enough and never give up you can achieve just about anything, just as he did. The world susceptibility never have known Muhammad Ali if his bike hadnt been stolen when he was 12. He set out an aim to be the greatest ever and worked extremely hard but never gave up, even when he was deemed too old to fight again, he beat George Foreman, against all odds, in Zaire.In conclusion, Muhammad Ali is my hero because he has proved the world wrong again by defeating other boxers against all odds (and still leave room for his witty humour). I will opine Muhammad Ali as someone who stood up for his beliefs always and was indeed the greatest.

Synthesis of Certain Derivatives of Schiffbases

Microbiological Studies A definitive diagnosis of terbium can only be made my culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from a type taken from the patient (Most often sputum, but whitethorn also include pus, cerebero spinal fluid (CSF)), biopsied tissue, etc. Sputum dirtys and cultures should be done for acid-fast bacilli. The prefer method for the identification is fluorescence microscopy which is more keen than conventional Ziehl- Neelson staining denoted by Steingart et al. , 2006 6.If sputum is not produced, specimens can be obtained by gastric washings, an laryngeal swab, broncscopy with broncho alveolar lavage or fine needle aspiration of a collection. A comparative field of operation found that inducing three sputum samples is more highly sensitive than three gastric washings. Many types of culture media are available. Traditionally Lowenstein Jensen (LJ), Kirchner or Middle Brook media (7H9, 7H10, 7H11 and 7H12) are used for cultivating of Mycobacterial species. A culture of the acid-fast bacilli distinguishes the assorted forms of Mycobacteria.New automated systems that are faster include BACTEC 460 TB, BACTEC 9000 and the Mycobacterial growth Indicator tube (MGIT). The microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS) culture may be faster and more accurate method. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis in the current scenario Active tuberculosis will kill about both of every three people affected if left untreated. Treated tuberculosis if taken up early has a mortality rate of less than 5%. The standard short course interference for tuberculosis comprises of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol for two months, then Isoniazid and Rifampicin alone for a further four months.For latent tuberculosis, the standard treatment is six to nine months of Isoniazid alone. Drug regimens are abbreviated in a standardized manner. a). Streptomycin is STM or S b) Isoniazid is INH or H c) Rifampicin is RMP or R d) Ethambutol is EMB or E e) Pyra zinamide is PZA or Z. a)According to WHO norms, there are six classes of second line drugs that are used for the treatment of tuberculosis. A drug may be classified as second line instead of first line for one of two possible reasons it may be less telling than the first line drugs or it may produce toxic side effect.They are classified based on their chemical inwardness Aminoglycosides Amikacin and Kanamycin b)Polypeptides Capreomycin c)Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin d)Thioamides Ethionamide, Prothionamide and Cycloserine. e)Para-amino Salicylic acid. Tuberculosis has been treated by combination therapy over fifty years. Single drug treatment is ineffective and regimens that use only star drugs result in the rapid development of resistance and thus treatment results in failure. The rationale for using multiple drugs to treat tuberculosis is based on simple probability.The frequency of spontaneous mutations that confer resistance to an individual drug is well known 1 in 10 7 for Ethambutol (EMB) 1 in 108 for streptomycin (STM) and Isoniazid (INH) 1 in 10 10 for Rifampicin (RMP). A patient with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis has approximately 10 12 bacteria in his body and therefore will probably be harbouring approximately 10 5 Ethambutol resistant bacteria, 10 4 Streptomycin resistant bacteria, 104 Isoniazid resistant bacteria and 102 Rifampicin resistant bacteria respectively.DOTS stands for Directly Observed Therapy, Short course and is a major plank in the WHO global tuberculosis eradication programme. The WHO advises that all tuberculosis patients should have atleast the first two months of their drug therapy should be spy with the aid of observer within that society. DOTS is used with intermittent dosing Thrice weekly (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) or twice weekly. The relative incidence of major adverse effects has been carefully described . a)Isoniazid Hepatitis, Neuropathy 0. 49%. )Rifampicin Skin rash, Thrombocy topenia and Hepatitis 0. 43 % c)Pyrazinamide Skin rash and Hepatitis 1. 48 % d)Streptomycin vertigo 0. 43 % Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR and XDR TB) Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis that is resistant at least to Isoniazid and Rifampicin isolates. In the year 2006 Extensively- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has emerged and defined as multi drug resistant tuberculosis that is resistant to quinolones and also to any one of kanamycin, capreomycin or amikacin.A 1997 survey of 35 countries found that 2% of the tuberculosis populations are infected by drug resistant tuberculosis. The highest rates were in USSR, The Baltic states, Argentina, India and China. In 2006, MDR TB in New York city has been increased to 20-30%. Annual risk of mortality rates increases by 10-15%. There is currently an epidemic of XDR-TB in South Africa. The volcanic eruption was first reported as a cluster of 53 patients in a rural hospital in Kwazulu Natal of w hom 52 died . The treatment and vista of MDR-TB are much more akin to that of cancer than to that for infection.In these aspects, molecular manipulation is a productive source of new drugs. This inquiry work pertains to the adaption of Schiff bases on isoniazid to explore the new drugs with a desire to obtain highly potent, more specific and less toxic drugs. In the foregoing literature retrieval, it had been observed that the drug design can be performed by molecular manipulation and resulting in new productive drugs. The biological ruminate of natural products with medicinally useful property and some of the chemical structure and its analogs had furnished to lead compounds, and its variation in the biological behavior.The pre-existing tuberculosis had made a dispute effect of medicinal chemists resulting in the extreme drug resistance. The performance of molecular manipulation still existed in a major line approach for the baring of new drug analogues. To synthesize a deri vative, an intermediate step has to be performed and to proceed for the further molecular manipulation. Combination of two or more alert moieties in to one is a common procedure of manipulation and this can be possibly result in augmenting the activity, removal of untoward side effects and particularly to prevent development of resistance by the infectious microorganisms.Abundant literature support were available with regard to the study of Schiff bases as potent antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antiviral and anticancer perspectives. Schiff bases were the intermediate for the synthesis of azetidine -2 & 4- ones, thiazolidine -2 & 4- ones, triazoles & tetrazoles. It was interesting to observe that some analogues of Schiff bases were combined with other moieties like phenothiazines,hydrazines and some hydrazide derivatives of carboxylic acid resulting in a relegate performance in their respective biological activities.Hence, it was our interest to associate the Schiff ba ses with the primary drug isoniazid. Since Isoniazid is a well known antitubercular drug. As a abundant number of reports were been available regarding the antitubercular perspectives of the isoniazid, there is still lacuna existing in the study of Schiff bases in the multi drug and extremely drug resistant M. tb strains. This study will full fill the properties of Schiff bases relevant to the prevailing drug resistant tuberculosis. Biological activities of Schiff bases Schiff bases are of interest and its important moiety which is associated with biological activity.Initially, most of the research program has been conducted to explore the antimicrobial perspectives of Schiff base derivatives. Based on the intermediate Schiff base various molecular manipulation were attempted to investigate and discover an effective antibacterials, antifungals & antiviral agents. In this preview of literature the various activities of Schiff bases pertaining to antibacterial perspectives has been s tudied. 1. Hearn et. al. , 2003 7 performed enzymatic acylation of the antitubercular isoniazid (INH) by N-acetyl transferases reduces therapeutic effectiveness of the drug.Since it dealt with the major metabolic piece of ground for INH in pitying beings, many of these derivatives were prepared and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mice. They conclude the structural cogners of metabolites of INH may serve as remarkable leads in antitubercular drug discovery and in the exploration of the mode of action of INH. 2. Tarek Aboul fadi et. al. , 2003 8 had synthesized N- alkyl derivative of INH and the Pharmacokinetic studies were been carried out in the bovine and sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.The pharmacokinetic study revealed that the rate and extent absorption of the tested derivatives. They show relative bioavailability of 183. 15 and 443. 25 respectively. 3. Sultana et. al. , 2007 9 studied the synthesis of hydrazones. The study afforded to the hitherto unreported 1-(4-chloro benzylidene) hydrazinophthalazine, 1- nitrobenzylidene hydrazine phthalazine. , 3-(4-Chlorophenyl) S-Triazolo (3,4-a) phthalazine. These structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques IR, UV, H-NMR, EIMS, FD & HRMS. anti hypertensive activity were been evaluated. 4.Koussi and Abdel rahman. , 2006 10 illustrated certain novel Schiff bases of 4- methyl-1,2,4 triazole -3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazide were synthesized and their chemical identities were elucidated by simple analyses. IR, H-NMR,13- C-NMR and mass spectral data. The percentage of the geometrical isomers was elucidated using the 1-H NMR. The synthesized compounds were selected for screening at the tuberculosis antimicrobial acquisition and co-ordination facility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV strain in which they showed moderate activity at a concentration of 625 mg/mL. . Jiang et. al. , 2003 11 studied the series of chemically modified aryl- aldehyde Schiff bases has been synthesized and tested for their antioxidant activity and radiation protection. It was observed that disulfide containing aryl aldehyde schiff base exhibited potent free radical scavenging, antioxidation and radioprotective activities. 6. Pandeya et. al. ,1999 12 synthesized antibacterial, antifungal and anti human immunodeficiency virus activities of Schiff and Mannich bases derived from isatin derivatives and N (4-(4 chlorophenyl) thiazolyl thiosemi carbazide.Investigation of antimicrobial activity of compounds was done by agar dilution method. 7. Jayasekar et. al. , 1997 13 synthesized the Schiff bases of mesalazine and studied the anti inflammatory activity. The inhibition shows about 50-60% of the potency of the drug. In the present study, we had investigated certain Schiff base derivatives modified from isoniazid and it has screened for fundamental drug-resistant and Multidrug resistant tuberculosis strain procured from the patients suffering from tuberculosis. Bibilography 1. Rothschild, B. , Martin, L. , Bercovier, L. G. , Gal, B. G. , Blatt, G.C. , Donoghue, H. , Spigelman, M and Brittain, D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(3) 305-311 ( 2001). 2. Pearce-Duvet, J. The origin of human pathogens evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 31(3) 369-382 (2006). 3. Koch, R. Die Aetiolgieder Tuberculosis. Berliner Klinsche Wochenschrift. 19 221-230 (1882). 4. Wells, A. Q. The Murine type of tubercle bacillus Medical Research Council exceptional Report No. 259.HMSO, London (1946). 5. Mark Spigelman, 2008. Excavated Jericho Bones may help Israeli- Plaestinian German team to combat tuberculosis. News release, Feb 29, (2008) 1-5. 6. Steingart,K. , Henry,M. , Pasval,G. , Avery,T. O and Lyall, W. H. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis a systematic revi ew. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 6 570-571 (2006). 7. Michael J Hearn, Michael H Cynamon. Design and synthesis of antituberculars preparation and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of an isoniazid Schiff base. Journal of Anti Microb. Chemotherapy. 53(2)185-191 (2004). . Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Faragany Abdel-Hamid Mohammed, Ehsan Abdel-Saboor Hassan. Synthesis, antitubercular activity and pharmacokinetic studies of some Schiff bases derived from 1-alkylisatin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH). ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH , 26(10)778-784 ( 2003 ). 9. Sultana-N Sarfaraz-TB Nelofar-A Hussain-SA. Potential antibacterial agents Part VI Synthesis and structure elucidation of schiff bases derived from hydralazine. Pak-J-Sci-Ind-Resch (Pakistan-Journal-of-Scientific-and-Industrial-Research) 50(3) 169-172 (2007). 10. El-Koussi-NA Abdel-Rahman-HM .Novel 1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid derivatives as potential antimycobacterial and antimicrobial agents. Bull-Pharm-Sci-Assiut-Univ (B ulletin-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences) 29(Part 1) 127-136 (2006). 11. Jiang-JJ Chang-TC Hsu-WF Hwang-JM Hsu-LY. Synthesis and biological activity of sulfur-containing aryl-aldehyde Schiff bases. Chem-Pharm-Bull (Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin) 51(11) 1307-1310 (2003). 12. Pandeya-SN Sriram-D Nath-G De-Clercq-E. Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and anti HIV activity of Schiff and Mannich bases of isatin with N-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl) thiosemicarbazide.Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences) 61(6) 358-361 (1999). 13. Jayasekhar-P Rao-SB Santhakumari-G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff bases of mesalazine. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences) 59(1) 8-12 (1997). 14. Mcomia Protective group in Organic chemistry. P-66. 15. Trivedi,P. , Undavia,N. K. ,Dave, A. M. , Bhatt,K. N and Desai ,N. C. Indian Journal of Chem . , Vol 32B(7) 760-765 ( 1993). 16. Divakar, C. M and Nair, G. R. N. Antiulcer, antibacterial and spermicidal activities of Salanin. Indian Drugs. 38(2) 629-932 (2001).

Harrison Brothers Corporation Kwanghun Cheong Essay

1. BackgroundHarrison Brothers Corporation (HBC) is traditional department store that extends business field from clothing to habitation furnishing and home items recently to become the leading chain of department stores in the Northeast. Todays customers are quickly changing needs to have something for both(prenominal) value and specialization. In addition, competitors such as superstores and giant discounters are increasing. CEO of HBC clarified the companys scheme that is reposition of offering exciting target names, excellent sales help, and frequent sales. Further much, CEO has been agonizing HR function since he felt the employee quality and performance would be important to get the strategical goal.2. Problem DefinitionMain problem of HBCs HR department is that organization good example of HR department does not function as strategic business partner. In the short run, HBC does not keep a well-trained, highly motivated workers and there is a shortage of professional emp loyees all the time. In the wide run, the HR department does not contribute to achieving the companys strategic goal.3. Cause of Problem (Analysis)1) Insufficiency of aggressive act to external environmental changes As competitors increase, the HR department has difficulty retaining competent employees. So, they spend most of time doing administrative role such as recruiting and training new employees. Even though sales employees are key to promote business, new employees who are wanting in ability are assigned to sales. We get some employees who cannot effectively ace the cash register training. Our training tries to expose them to selling techniques and how to properly interact with customer2) Organization model of HR department which does not align with strategy Though the company is traditionally highly change, HR functions are entirely centralized. So, there is a gap between the HR department and the other sales departments, and the HR department eventually cannot consider the business oriented strategy. Also, as independent HR department, there are 3 staffs except a flight simulator and a payroll clerk. So, they cannot deal with extension ofbusiness because of increasing administrative job.3) HR motorbuss lack of strategic awarenessAlthough HBC ask the HR manager to become a business partner, she focuses on internal issues such as amendment of HR process and managing HR team. Ex) As the results of questionnaire completed by HR (Exhibit 1.4), the HR manager focuses on staffing and performance management, while store managers ask HR to focus on knowledge of business and managing change additionally.4) OthersShort depot result principal makes difficulty training to sense customers sensitive changes. HR department has been recognized cost center.4. Alternative Solutions1) Restructuring HR policies which is suitable for strategyHBC should get under ones skin professional employees long service through amendment of Compensation systemAS WASTO BECompensa tion system. Monthly term incentive. Minimum shank pay. Long term incentive. Raise base payLong term incentive paying incentive to employees after 2 or 3 years in the light of personal and company performance. (Effects inducing employees of ability, retaining them) To stabilization of livelihood, base pay should be raised below budget. For the early due date of newly market entry, HBC should prepare for system of reaction to changes such as holding regularly market trend seminars. 2) Establishing strategic suitable HR modelHRs administrative role should be empowered to sales managers and HR department just should take a role of professional gathering and advice to salesmanagers. So, sales managers should be responsible for man-power management such as evaluation, recruiting, and termination. On the other hand, HR department focuses on consulting sales organizations to become a value-adding strategic partner. Additionally, it also concentrates on structuring organization culture and managing sensitive changes.HR should have pay constitution role, but valueless payroll function should be outsourced because payroll function is simple and repetitive if policy is definite. In addition, where new employee can learn selling techniques well is sales departments. So, the role should be decentralized to the sales departments. When all the HRs role and functions are newly defined, sales and operation managers should get involved to all the organization become more strategic.AS WASTO BEHR Organization chart. HR manager. HR assistant 2. Trainer. Payroll clerk(5 employees). HR manager. HR assistant 2(3 employees)HRs function. Recruiting & Interviewing. Structuring & OperatingHR policy. Training new employees. Payroll(McCains view). Structuring HR policy. Consulting. Structuring organizationCulture. Managing changesSales function. Sales. Sales. Operating HR policy. Training new employees3) HR manager relieverBrenda should be forward deployed to sales department to sys tematically train as the future HR manager successor who fully understand management and solid organization. HBC should assign the new HR manager who perfectly understands business and strategy from either external HR expertise or one of the sales manager.The flowing superficial problem is shortage of professional employees and the root problem is that HR organization model is not align with strategy. Tosolve the superficial problem HBC should beseech forward restructuring HR policies. Unless this problem is solved, it is meaningless to say the future of the company. Also, to solve root problem, HR organization model should be made a origin reform. When HR supports the companys strategy, the company can be developed in one direction. On the other hand, HR manager replacement is extreme action and it could make whole organization increase tension. So, this action should be acted as a last resort.

Augustinian Theodicy

The Augustinian Theodicy From Augustine in his booke Confessions in 397AD. His lean was that divinity fudge is superb and created a world meliorately good and free from defection, evil & suffering. Based on Genesis 1-3 Either paragon cannot abolish evil, or he will not. If he cannot, he is not all-powerful, if he will not he is not all-good. Augustine The believer must have, in a self-possessed moment, a solution to the problem of evil. If he does not, his faith is not rational Richard Swinburne The perfect world God saw all that he had made and saw that it was good. Genesis Evil is a privation of good as darkness is a privation of light. Humanity has free will to choose good everyplace evil. The Fall Natural & moral evil exist because things fell short of what God intended. The penalty of perdition corrects the dishonour of sin Augustine. God shouldnt intervene because evil is the price of freedom. Humans cant overcome the inevitably of them sinning. The resignatio n marks the entrance of evil into the world. (The fall being Adams mistake). Humanity has an inherent guilt as descendants of Adam & Eve ( pilot program sin).We have to put up with what we have indirectly done to the Universe. The punishment for the original sin is seminally present. Intervention There is hope through Jesus for all. This is a God given hazard for those with good intentions to find a selfish reason for doing good. Augustines theodicy is soul-deciding. Meaning we have a choice of rail metaphorically in life. In this way Augustine tries to prove the seriouseousness of God. By showing that God was right not to intervene when we chose to do wrong against God.And that giving us the choice of giving our life to saviour is a act of generosity. However this contradicts the idea of him being all-loving as this theodicy tells us that God would let there be a way to bring evil & suffering into the world. But if he did not implicate this, it either contradicts the fact that he is all-k straighting or all-powerful. Basically God made a perfect world (is this true? ), humans committed the original sin (God does not have control), evil took the world, God didnt intervene (as a just punishment), but he gave us a way to desire to be perfect.Natural evil came through the loss in nature after the fall Moral evil came through the unused knowledge of good and evil which was discovered through disobedience. Punishments Separation from God. Expulsion from the garden of Eden. They must now live in a fallen world. Pain in childbirth. Struggle with the earth to yield a harvest. Tension between man and woman. Physical death. Old testament God sends the law & prophets to try and pay off the relationship between humans and God. But these methods fail, leading to Jesus. New Testament God sends Jesus. In Augustines look this was the best God had to offer.

Magic Toyshop Essay

The Magic Toyshop is the second novel of the feminist writer Angela Carter. It is single of the most ordinary of her early books. In Carters works mythological and biblical themes often appear, and The Magic Toyshop is a inviolable example of that. This es hypothesise is intended to discuss the introductory chapter of The Magic Toyshop, in which Carter rewrites a major Biblical story. The Magic Toyshop follows the story of a teenage girl, Melanie. She is one of triple children, her younger brother is Jonathon and her five category old sister is capital of Seychelles. They live in the English countryside in a position class family.Their house is spacious they all have their receive bedrooms. Their pargonnts be rich, successful and the children have everything they need. The children have a middle aged governess Mrs. Rundle. She is overweight, was never married, sole(prenominal) added the Mrs. title to her name a few years ago as a present to herself. Melanie has a fear of becoming someone like Mrs. Rundle. She does not believe in God precisely she prays that she would marry and have sex in her life. She is worried almost her weight because she thinks she is similarly thin, solely she would not eat too much either because then she might become naughty and never marry.She already sees herself as someones wife she looks at herself as a mannish would do. (Gamble 69) The novel tells the story of the children becoming orphans and having to leave their home. Their parents are killed in a plane crash and the three children must leave the countryside to live with their uncle in London. Uncle Phillip owns a toyshop and is a toymaker himself. The orphans do not know anything almost him Melanies sole(prenominal) memory of him is that when she was a little girl he made her a doodly-squat in the box which was very scary. They do not know that the world they are about to go far is radically different from the one they lived in until now.At the beginning of the novel Melanie is a happy cardinal year old girl who is starting to discover herself. She explores her body, discovers it as a colonizer discovers the unknown land. She likes to obtain in strawman of her mirror she plays the roles of the characters of paintings (by male painters naturally). The novel uses the terminologies of explorers thus making us believe at that place is a male voice behind the words. Melanies only wish is to marry well. She is already get ready for married life, she is making herself ready for a conserve. She believes that marriage is the only way to have inancial and worked up security, the only way to be a respectable woman and to have a happy life.This is the only way she knows. This is what the culture, the social background of the age indoctrinated her to believe. She is dreaming of a perfective tense husband who is handsome, gentle, amiable, who has a profound job and adequate financial background. Although she is a little worried about not get ting this perfect life, not having sex, she genuinely believes that things are going to work out for the best. Melanie is planning to spend her adolescence preparing for the life that comes after. stock-still soon enough she result realize that life is not a fairytale. She will meet and smoothen in love with a boy that does not fit in the image of the perfect husband she count ond for herself, a boy that she would have never thought to fell for under normal circumstances. She will realize how these circumstances potful make her grow up in a few years or nevertheless a few hours as on the train ride to London she realizes she has to be the father of her little brother and sister , and how they can suddenly micturate away all of her dreams and principles. nonetheless there is another way to interpret the beginning of the first chapter, the scene where she is exploring her body. Melanie is not only preparing herself for her prox groom, but she is exploring her own sexuality too. She is in the age when she realizes that she is a woman, that she has not only grown mentally but physically too. In Carters own words, Melanie is very certain of desire, she is filled with it. And that gives her power. (Gamble 69-70) unitary night Melanie decides to go further then posing in her own bedroom.Her parents are not home, they are in America. In the darkness of the night, when everyone in the house is asleep, she goes to her parents bedroom. She looks at their wedding scoot and starts thinking about her parents. How she cannot imagine her start out bleak, as she never saw her that way she even jokes about her mother being born with clothes on -, and how her father always wears the same suit. She wonders if her parents had sex out front their wedding this makes her believe she really is growing up if thoughts like this occur in her mind.She notices Uncle Phillip in the picture and thinks about the old jack in the box she was so afraid of. Then she goes over to her mothers dressing table and looks into the mirror. She starts posing there too and feels that she looks different in her mothers mirror. This moment can be understood again as a flesh of transition between childhood and becoming a woman. Being in her parents room is like dissembling to be an adult just like they are. Posing in her mothers mirror Melanie is trying to imagine how she will look like and feel as an adult, married woman.This moonlit night is the one when the fall happens Looking at her parents wedding picture Melanie decides to try on her mothers wedding dress. She finds the dress and puts it on but it is too big. She is a little disappointed but still thinks she looks beautiful in it. She feels like a bride. A bride. Whose bride? But she was, tonight, sufficient for herself in her own glory and did nor need a groom. (Carter 16) Melanie decides to go out to the garden. She first feels free and excited the night was so different from the one she imagined.The moon lit garden was like the Garden of Eden. She was alone. In her carapace of white satin, she was the last, the only woman. (Carter 17) This realization of loneliness soon turns into panic. She truly feels alone and feels what happening is too much. Crying she runs back to the front door but it is closed She forgot her keys. Suddenly the sweet, dark night turns into a scary land. Melanie realizes what she did was forbidden. She is frightened, she thinks there is something in the dark. After Mrs. Rundles cat appears in the garden, Melanie feels a little more solaceable.She starts to pull herself unitedly and decides she will climb up the apple tree to her window. (The apple tree can be a symbol of Eden again). But she cannot do that in the wedding dress. The cat gives her so much comfort that she can take the dress off. Then something happens she realizes her own nakedness as never before. She was horribly conscious of her own exposed nakedness. She felt a new and final kind of naked ness, as if she had taken even her own skin off and now stood clothed in nothing, nude in the ultimate nakedness of the skeleton. (Carter 21) This scene might be interpreted as the happenings in the Bible right after the Fall.The snake deceives eve so she and Adam both eat from the forbidden tree. Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they agnize they were naked so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves. (New International Bible, Genesis 37) The naked Melanie puts down the dress and the cat climbs on it. It scratches the dress. Melanie starts climbing up the tree, she does not know how long it takes but she finally gets to her room.She bleeds form hundreds of cuts but does not mind the pain. She honestly regrets what she had done that night, but cannot take it back. She ate from the forbidden fruit and knows that she deserves the consequences. Right now pain seems to be the punishment. The morning has come and when Mrs. Rundle, Jonathon and Vic toria leave the house Melanie is alone in the house with her sin. Somebody is knocking on the door. It is a messenger boy with a telegram in his hand. As soon as she saw him, she knew what the telegram contained, as if the words were printed on his forehead. (Carter 24)She runs to the bathroom and vomits. She reads the telegram and realizes what she already guessed was true. Her parents were dead. Melanies childhood, her fairytale life ended in this moment. She committed a sin last night and now was expelled from Eden. This wedding dress night when she married the shadows (Carter 77) exiles her and her younger brother and sister from their comfortable, liberal, middle-class home in the country to live in a dark, narrow house above Uncle Phillips toyshop in south London. (Sage 15) And what was Melanies fault really? As Lorna Sage says it was the stepping over the boundary between reality and fantasy (Sage 15) Melanie, Jonathon and Victoria are taken to their Uncle Phillips house.Mel anie soon realizes she will have to live there in terror, in constant fear of her uncle. She has to say good bye to the magical life she had in the countryside and has to grow up sooner then expected. We can understand Uncle Phillips house as Purgatory. She goes through a grueling rite of passage into the submit of being a woman. Whatever way she might once have grown up is manifestly cancelled after she arrived at Uncle Phillips. (Day 25) Melanie goes through hell until one day Uncle Phillips ends this story. When he learns that his wife has a sexual relationship with her own brother, he sets the house on fire. In the end only Melanie and Finn are left standing amongst the wreckage staring at one another in wild surmise, Adam and Eve at the beginning of a new world.